VB.NET Solution and Project Files sln and vbproj

VB.NET Solution and Project Files 'sln' and 'vbproj' The entire subject of activities, arrangements, and the documents and devices that control them is something that is only from time to time clarified. Tossing Food One of the enormous focal points of the way Microsoft has structured arrangements and ventures is that an undertaking or arrangement is independent. An answer index and its substance can be moved, replicated, or erased in Windows Explorer. An entire group of software engineers can share one arrangement (.sln) record; an entire arrangement of tasks can be a piece of a similar arrangement, and the settings and choices in that .sln document can apply to the entirety of the activities in it. Just a single arrangement can be open at once in Visual Studio, yet a great deal of ventures can be in that arrangement. The ventures can even be in various dialects. You can show signs of improvement comprehension of exactly what an answer is by making a couple and taking a gander at the outcome. A Blank arrangement brings about a solitary envelope with only two records: the arrangement holder and the arrangement client choices. On the off chance that you utilize the default name, youll see: Include Privacy The fundamental explanation you can make a clear arrangement is to permit venture documents to be made autonomously and remembered for the arrangement. In huge, complex frameworks, notwithstanding being a piece of a few arrangements, ventures can even be settled in progressive systems. The arrangement compartment record, strangely, is one of only a handful hardly any content setup documents that isnt in XML. A clear arrangement contains these announcements: It should be XML... its composed simply like XML yet without the XML sentence structure. Since this is only a content document, its conceivable to alter it in a word processor like Notepad. For instance, you can change HideSolutionNode FALSE to TRUE and arrangement wont be appeared in Solution Explorer any longer. (The name in Visual Studio changes to Project Explorer as well.) Its fine to try different things with things like this as long as youre chipping away at a carefully test venture. You ought to never change arrangement documents physically for a genuine framework except if you know precisely what youre doing, however its genuinely basic in cutting edge situations to refresh the .sln record straightforwardly instead of through Visual Studio. The .suo record is covered up and its a paired document so it cannot be altered like the .sln record. You will ordinarily just change this record utilizing the menu alternatives in Visual Studio. Climbing in unpredictability, look at a Windows Forms Application. Despite the fact that this may be the most basic application, there are much more documents. Notwithstanding a .sln record, the Windows Forms Application format additionally consequently makes a .vbproj document. Despite the fact that the .sln and .vbproj documents regularly helpful, you may see that theyre not appeared in the Visual Studio Solution Explorer window, even with the Show All Files button clicked. On the off chance that you have to work with these records legitimately, you need to do it outside of Visual Studio. Not all applications need a .vbproj document. For instance, on the off chance that you select New Web Site in Visual Studio, no .vbproj document will be made. Open the top level envelope in Windows for the Windows Forms Application and youll see the four documents that Visual Studio doesnt appear. ssuming the default name once more, they are: The .sln and the .vbproj records can be helpful for troubleshooting troublesome issues. Theres no mischief in taking a gander at them and these records mention to you what is truly going on in your code. As we have seen, you can likewise alter .sln and .vbproj records legitimately despite the fact that its generally a poorly conceived notion except if there is no other method to do what you need. Be that as it may, once in a while, there is no other way. For instance, if your PC is running in 64-piece mode, there isnt an approach to focus on a 32-piece CPU in VB.NET Express, for instance, to be perfect with the 32-piece Access Jet database motor. (Visual Studio gives a path in different adaptations), however you can include the accompanying: To the elementspropertygroup.. .:l in the .vbproj records to take care of business. Both the .sln and .vbproj record types are regularly connected with Visual Studio in Windows. That implies that in the event that you double tap both of them, Visual Studio opens. In the event that you double tap an answer, the tasks in the .sln record are opened. In the event that you double tap a .vbproj record and there is no .sln document (this occurs on the off chance that you add another task to a current arrangement) at that point one is made for that venture.

Illustration Essay Samples

Illustration Essay SamplesThere are a lot of illustrations in all kinds of assignment books for an illustration essay. When you are writing an essay, you have to be careful that the illustrations add value to the essay and help people understand it. It is much better to make good use of them than to not use them at all.In the illustration essay samples, it is always best to go with a basic point that will help people understand what the essay is about. This can be made possible if you can do a good research on the topic or source that you are drawing from. You need to know what people like and dislike about the product or brand that you are drawing from and then use this knowledge to make your illustrations strong and worthwhile.Good illustration essays will use good imagery. Imagery that is clear and easy to understand is needed for the illustration. Illustrations should reflect the message of the essay as well as communicate the speaker's thoughts. This will make the essay more val uable and will make it more likely to earn you high marks.Good illustrations can also make a strong impact on people. For example, you can use your illustrations to talk about famous persons that you know or even things that people like about celebrities. Your illustrations should also express an opinion that the speaker has or think about a current issue.When it comes to essay samples, illustration should always go hand in hand with ideas and analysis. However, good illustration and good analysis will make your essay strong. The essays you write will have a greater chance of being worth a lot of marks if they are well written and have good structure. A good structure will help you keep your essay to the point and make sure that you present your information in a good manner.Most design websites have sample essays for illustration that you can download and use. While these might not be free, they are still free and they come with a money back guarantee. They are also usually easy to use and can be used within a short period of time. For an illustration essay samples, you will get something that is good enough to go with your words.Just like any other work of art, illustration essay samples have to be graded by a grading service. Good illustration essay samples will be graded highly and the essay will earn high marks. The best illustration essays will have strong colors and a great level of quality in terms of format. If the essay is too simple, then it will fail to reach the requisite standards.Illustration essay samples will make sure that you do not miss out on a valuable opportunity by putting too much work into the process. You should put the same amount of effort into the drawing of the essay as you do into writing it. This will ensure that your essay is well-written and polished without any of the common flaws.

Managing and Leading Strategic Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Overseeing and Leading Strategic Change - Essay Example Notwithstanding, the expansion of the piece of the overall industry of Microsoft, the significant contender of IBM, prompted the impediment of the intensity of IBM in the worldwide market. Accenture plc and Hewlett Packard are other significant contenders of IBM (Yahoo Finance 2011). The vital plans of IBM have changed commonly so as to help the expansion of the firm’s seriousness towards its opponents. In 2003-2004 a significant rebuilding of the firm’s flexibly chain the executives system occurred, meaning to implement the firm’s seriousness the help the expansion of its benefits. The above arrangement is logically checked on in this paper, as clarified above, planning to show the capacity of the firm to screen its tasks and distinguish its shortcomings. Additionally, the ability of the firm’s representatives to help radical authoritative changes †all together for the firm’s execution to be settled, is basically assessed. 2. Key change in IBM 2.1 Key change designs in IBM As noted over, the vital plans of IBM have been intermittently changed so as to adjust the hierarchical practices to the market patterns and the client needs. The last exertion of such kind has been created in 2009 †when the firm settled ‘the Business Analytics and Optimization (BAO) counseling administration line’ (Soejarto 2009). ... 2005) planning to keep its piece of the pie †against the industry’s significant contenders, particularly Microsoft. In any case, the above activity didn't prompted the normal advantages †in 1993, the misfortunes of the firm were assessed to $8 billion (Meyer et al. 2005). In 2003 the firm’s key organizers distinguished significant disappointments in the organization’s gracefully chain the board procedures; endeavors were made for refreshing existing flexibly chain the executives rehearses. The Integrated flexibly chain (ISC) has been a plan presented for aiding towards the disposal of deferrals in the firm’s tasks †as these postponements were identified with disappointments in the current gracefully chain the board structure (Paton et al. 2006). The update of the specific division of the association went on for a long time, 2003 and 2004 and prompted the presentation of an incorporated arrangement for dealing with the gracefully chain relati ons in the entirety of their angles. The above change plan contributed in the improvement of the firm’s flexibly chain the board. In any case, certain ramifications were not stayed away from, a reality that prompted the restriction of the plan’s benefits †as arranged by the initiators of the specific undertaking. 2.2 Implications of progress started in IBM Despite the way that change, as a component of IBM’s vital arranging process, has been customarily lined up with the authoritative needs and the economic situations, still, the adequacy of the important plans is somewhat constrained †at any rate contrasted with the assets drew in and the readiness made for the specific activities. The explanations behind the postponements in the improvement of the organization’s execution should be recognized and assessed; additionally, the potential disappointments in the plans of progress, as advanced in the

PESTLE Analysis and the bigger environment - Free Essay Example

Founded in 1984, Dell is one worlds leading technology manufacturer specialising in personal computers and other computer related products. Currently based in Texas, Dell is also a large multinational company employing 76,500 employees worldwide in 2009 (Mintel). The purpose of this essay is to identify, analyse and discuss strategic issues of Dell using the PESTLE method which will look at a range of macroeconomic factors the company should to consider. The PESTLE analyses Political Government regulations and legal issues are all part of the political factors that determines the conditions which the company will have to operate under. As a large multinational company with operations in many countries, Dell will have to take into account the different political factors in different countries if it wants to succeed. Some countries may have policies which favours home companies or to protect them from large multinational such as Dell. Sometimes, it may be necessary to form partnerships with local companies in order to distribute or manufacture to the home market and/or export. However, with increasing globalisation, a large multinational like Dell should also benefit from access to new emerging markets and free markets as their government loosen up trade barriers (FT, 2009), such as when China joined the WTO in 2001, or when some of the eastern European countries enter the EU. Economical Like most companies, Dells performance will be greatly affected by many economical factors which include changes in exchange rates, interest rates and overall economical growth. For example, similar to its competitors, many of Dells personal computers may have all or parts of it manufactured or assembled in emerging economies such as China where the cost of production is low. If the local currencys exchange rate, i.e. the Chinese RMB, rises against the currencies of Dells exporting markets, then this would clearly have an effect on Dells production cost. Another example is the recent economic crises (the credit crunch) had clearly had its negative impact on Dell; it reported another fall in quarterly profit when computer sales were down as consumers cut back their spending (BBC News, 2009). Of course, as the recession recedes and economic growth improve again, sales should improve again. Social Social factors include areas such as population growth, education level and other culture aspects. These issues will have an impact on the type of consumers in a market and demand. Studies have shown that there is a positive relation between the education level and demand of computers. Also, as computers become more integrated in peoples daily lives, and more people, old and young, get more familiar with technology, this can all increase demand or create niche markets for Dell to explore and take advantage of. Trends can also influence the design and marketing methods of products in order to make it more appealing, and should not be ignored if Dell wants to gain or remain its competitive advantages. Dells made-to-order approach helps to tackle this issue by allowing customers to choose what they want in the product (Dell). Technological With the advancement of technology, new products and market can be created, e.g. the MP3 players. Also, with the development of electronic databases to store large volume of information and increasingly sophisticated processors and memory storage system, the computing industry can expect growing demand in computer hardware as businesses seek to upgrade their IT system. As Dell is largely a technology based company, it will need to keep up with new technologies and invest in research and development to remain competitive. For instance the development and growth of the smartphones has prompt Dell to enter the market. Another example is the more recent introduction of the Netbooks, considered a niche between mobile phones and Laptops (Mintel). Legal Consumer laws, labour laws and many other legal factors can all affect how Dell can operate, and similar to the political factors, it can vary country by country. For example, the legal changes in the UK on age and disability legislations can affect how Dell hires or fires employees. Also, different standards of the minimum wage (if a country has it at all), will most likely have some influence over the labour cost of the operation in that region. In some countries, certain laws may not be enforced as rigidly or underdeveloped compared to most industrialised countries. Different competition laws can also affect how Dell can compete against rivals in a country (Times 100). Environmental Just as the name suggests, environmental factors includes climate change and weather. This is an important area for certain sectors such as farming, tourism and insurance (Gillespie, 2007). However, Dell is in the technology sector, its factories can still be operational whether the local weather is rainy or sunny. If its customers cannot get to the shops because of the snow, then they may still make the purchase when the weather gets better or order online. Therefore, direct influence from the weather is small for a company such as Dell. The bigger environment Dell should also consider the opportunities and threats from external factors. For example, the growing wealth in China can create much opportunity for Dell, but there is also the threat from Chinese firms increasingly competing on a global stage, such as Lenovo and its increasing global presence ever since the acquisition of IBMs Thinkpad division (BBC, 2005). Also, the constant deflation in the PC sector as the average prices falls may allow more people to own a PC or laptop, but it can also affect the profitability of the sector. The PESTLE analysis already provided many factors for managers to consider on a macro-environmental ground. However, for Dell to be successful, managers should concentrate on areas that will have the biggest impact and the most relevant. The factors can also change as time progresses, so the analysis should be done on a regular basis to remain accurate and useful. Overall, Dell has performed well despite the fall in profit due to a recession, its str ategy to keep its pricing sharp and remain competitive has proven effective and helped it grow year-by-year on the long run. Warwick Business School, University of Warwick IB1170 Markets, Marketing Strategy Essay Assessment Due: Thursday 14th January 2010 Marketing: An analysis in Innovation and the product life cycle of Dell in comparison with Acer Student No: 0708827 Introduction Every organisation should constantly innovate and improve in order to adapt to changes and gain competitive advantages. Both Dell and its competitor, Acer, are part of a fast paced technology industry where innovation is very important factor to survival and growth. Currently, Acer ranks third in global PC market share (IDC) behind HP and Dell. The rate of innovation can also have impacts that can be felt throughout the whole industry and the market. For instance the average prices of computers falling significantly in the past 15 years (Mintel), this was a result from the increasing competition and shortening of the product life cycle where new products and innovations have been released constantly and faster. This essay will largely analyse innovations and product life cycle of Dell and Acer and compare their differences and similarities in those areas. Innovation and product life cycle Figure Source: https://www.trumpuniversity.com/business-briefings/post/2008/04/product-life-cycle.cfm All products will have a life cycle which starts with the introduction and end in withdrawal. This can be shown in different stages and can be seen in Figure 1. Managers will need to identify the stage where each of their product or service lies so that an appropriate marketing strategy can be applied (Kaplan, 2007). As the product reaches maturity, decline can be pushed back and product life cycle extended by innovation. Otherwise, a new product may need to be introduced in order to maintain income and growth for the firm. Also, the time frame of the product life cycle will vary between industries as well as products. The PC and laptop industry, of which both Dell and Acer are part of, tends to have short product life cycles as new technology becomes available. For example, as a new faster processor is developed, PC companies may need to assemble new laptops or PC with the newest accessories, which in turn devalue the existing models. Of course, innovation does not necessarily apply only to new products; it can happen in any area of the organisation. There are three main types of innovation; product innovation looks at the development and improvement to products (i.e. a new laptop), process innovation targets areas such as where manufacturing or supply lines can be improved, and service innovation can focus areas such as the customer service. Product innovation The PC makers are likely to have access to similar technologies to build their computers, although there are still much room for innovation. One way is to target specific markets, where products are made with a certain type of user in mind. For instance, Dell has a range of products catering different types of users; like its Studio range consists of desktops and laptops with high specifications for multimedia purposes (Dell). Although most leading computer makers have a similar range, but Dell offers its customers the option of a range of custom cover designs, increasing its computers appeal to art conscious consumers. Acer also has a broad range of computers which has helped to make it the leading player especially in the laptop sector. The Timeline laptops were advertised as super-slime and light weight, offering a cheaper alternative to Apples Macbook Air for frequent travellers while maintaining high specifications. In addition according to Mintels report, Acer was the firs t major computer brand to launch a netbook product into the UK with its Aspire One model, helping it to gain a foothold into this growing market from the start. Process Innovation Process innovation can be defined as the execution of a new or considerably enhanced production or delivery process (OECD, 2005). In this area, Dell has established itself as a leader in supply chain management and just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing. Its ability to keep the inventory low has helped to keep Dells cost low and producing competitive prices for the customers, all the while transforming it from a second-tier PC maker to a market leader (Byrnes, 2003). For Acer, it has retained strong growth even during the recent credit crunch where Dells profit faltered. This has been due to the companys constant streamlining in recent years, selling off low value operations, and diverts focus away from manufacturing while becoming a pure brand company (Slob, 2005). Service innovations As part of its direct customer business model, Dell is also well known for its build-to-order services, as emphasised in its TV adverts as well. Taking the progress of online shopping, its customers are given a degree of choice to customise their chosen computer from its cover to the specifications inside, allowing Dell to gain a greater access to a wide range of audience. Acer, like its major rivals, has also implemented the use of the internet to market its products and opened new forms of communication with consumers. Conclusion Both Dell and Acer compete in the low end and the high end of the market; however the methods they use to compete is very different. In contrast to Dells shift towards being more like a traditional manufacturer by using methods such as selling directly to customers and predominantly web-based, Acer outsources all manucatusing and assembly, selling through retailers (Einhorn, 2009). This strategy has drastically reduced costs and cutting the overhead expenses. This clearly helped Acer to maintain its profit during the recession as the industry was hit by a fall in demand. However, in order to gain long term success, both companies will need to constantly come up with new innovations to keep up with changes in the market.

Ethical Assessment Of The Coffee Shop - 1446 Words

Ethical Climate Survey Organization I have been selected by the Dreamx Coffee Parlour for the purpose of conducting survey about the causes of ethical breaches by its employees and its impact on organizational culture. This coffee shop has been in operation since a decade. Coffee shop provides the coffee lovers a unique taste of Coffee with blend of ancient Italian roaster. The coffee shop also offers juices, sandwiches, snacks, chocolates, cakes as side orders. It primarily employs college students as its employees and the management of the coffee shop constitutes of senior students. So, its management lacks experience and skills of leadership and managing employees in a way that yields positive performance and results. Moreover, the organization is poorly structured that has resulted in the decline in its revenue and profit. The purpose of employing students as its employees is to get the work done in in-convenient hours and under low wages. These practices have demotivated employees resulting in escalation of their turnover intentions. Key Steps for Organization The purpose or aim of every organization is to establish such an organizational culture and behavior among its employees that helps in achievement of ideal ethical standards. There are certain determinants that play a critical role in helping achieve the right organizational culture. Some of these include personal moral intensity, social ties, codes of ethics, locus of control and Machiavellianism. TheseShow MoreRelatedExplain the Factors Involved in Planning the Monitoring and Assessment of Work Performance1084 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific scenario that you need to read carefully. It is important to place your work in the context of a business organisation therefore examples will be required to support your discussion linked with appropriate theory. 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This would use whole beans ground instore and coffee would not sit for more than 30 mins. Senior Management Schultz head hunted new management from leading tech companies like Google s Sheryl Sandberg, Amazon’s Chris Bruzzo and also external consultants experienced in turning around failing companies. Innovation Schultz began selling VIA – Instant Coffee, bringing the Starbucks brand to new customers

The Impact Of Environment On Patterns Of Hepatitis B....

THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT ON PATTERNS OF HEPATITIS B Geography of Health (GEOG322) Introduction We live in an environment, where there exists a daily interaction of humans, natural forces and other living things. This environment provides for our growth, survival as well as danger. A very important factor of this environment is Disease or illness. Various factors contribute to illness, such as injury, unhealthy lifestyle and lack of healthcare. One such deadly disease is Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a life threatening liver infection that is caused due to Hepatitis B virus. This virus leads to chronic infection and results in to high risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B has two types, which have different effect on adults. Acute Hepatitis B occurs for short time. People usually affected by acute virus, get well with the time. On the other hand, there is Chronic Hepatitis B, which causes long time infection and damages liver. This virus spreads through the blood and body fluids of an infected person. Possible ways through which Hepatitis B infection is caused †¢ Unprotected sex with an infected person †¢ Sharing of needles with an infected person †¢ Getting tattoos or piercings via unsterilized needles or tools †¢ Sharing personal belongings like toothbrush, razors, towels with the infected person. Hepatitis B is also an STD (Sexually transmitted disease). A mother can also pass this virus to her baby. However, hugging, kissing, sharing food does not lead toShow MoreRelatedAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 Pagesstudent group that there is an increased need for competent graduates with food safety specialties to enter the work force into industry or regulatory positions. 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Environmental Theories in International Relations free essay sample

Environmental theory, this approach refers to the research area in which scholars of political theory use their conceptual tools in an effort to better understand the relationship between human individuals or communities and their natural environment, to identify the values and ideas that have shaped and continue to structure the way that humans interact with the natural world or to articulate vision of how politics might define and help realize an ecologically sustainable world . This approach attempts to explain how human beings, individually or collectively behave in relation to nature or to other human beings can most usefully be anchored in the study of the evolution of the ecosystem society interface. Using human populations and their biological and ecological circumstances as a starting point, a theoretical framework can be developed that grounds international relations theory in environmental realities. Environmental theory is neither a method nor a well defined political agenda. Scholars in the field utilize a wide variety of existing methodologies and in the pursuit of various goals. Like an ecosystem, its strength lies in diversity and there has not yet emerged as dominant approach to this young research programme. Binding together the various scholarship in environmental theory is a belief that environmental problems are at least in part a product of the social and political ideas of modern western societies. (Steve Vanderheiden, University of Colorado,U. S. A) The role of environing factors include the physical milieu (geography) and the social milieu (culture),as conditioners of political behaviour, has attracted major theoretical interest for many generations. Especially until the end of the World War II, the study of international relations drew heavily on geography as an explanation for state behaviour. States were said to be advantaged, or handicapped by geographic location and circumstances. With the dawn of the nuclear age and the development of postindustrial industrial societies, environing factors notable the role of geography diminished in salience. Nuclear weapons capable of intercontinental range greatly diminished whatever security had been derived from geographic location. By the same token, postindustrial societies depend more on access to information-based technologies and intellectual capabilities than on physical control of territory containing natural resources such as coal and iron, nevertheless became the worlds second largest economy based on cutting-edge technologies. Despite its remoteness from Europe, Asia, the United States and European-Asian states became equally vulnerable to a nuclear strike delivered by intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of reaching their targets within minutes. Furthermore, according to the view of Aristotle, he stated that people and the environment are inseparable and that they are affected both by geographical circumstances and by political institutions. Location near the sea stimulated the commercial activity on which the city-state was based; temperate climate favourable affected the development of national character, human energy and intellect. Jean Bodin in the late sixteenth century also maintained that climatic circumstances influence national characteristics as well as the foreign policies of state. According to Bodin, the extremes of northern and temperate climates offer conditions most favourable to building a political system based on law and justice. Northern and mountainous regions were said to be conducive to greater political discipline than were southern climes which failed to spark initiative. Montesquieu, one of the great eighteenth century French philosophers pointed to various climatic factors that he felt influenced the political divisions of Western Europe, in contrast to the great plains of Asia and Eastern Europe, and contributed to a spirit of political independence. He claimed the islands could preserve their freedom more easily than continental countries because they are isolated from foreign influences. He stated this considering Britain which had evolved unique political institutions that he greatly admired and which had withstood invasion from continental Europe since 1066. There are four major theories to be considered here which are: (1)Utopian theory (2)Realist theory (3)Neoliberal and neorealist-structural-realist theory (4)Cognitive evolution and constructivist-reflectivist approaches Utopian and realist theory as well as their more contemporary intellectual counterparts discuss the human actor in relation to the environment. Nonetheless, they broaden the notion of the environment to include the products of human culture, as well as the physical features of the earth. Utopian theorists claimed that international behaviour could be changed by transforming the institutional setting. Schemes for international organization and world government as well as for establishing norms for international conduct were designed to alter human behaviour by changing the international political environment. In contrast, realists in international relations often held that the geographical location of states will condition if not determine political behaviour. Among the most influential realist theorists who also wrote extensively on the impact of geography on international politics were Nicholas J. Spykman and Robert Strausz-Hupe. If the political behaviour of national units is in large part the product of environmental circumstances including geography in which nations find themselves, the perennial task of the political leader is to work within the parameters established by the environment. Cognitive evolution and constructivist-reflectivist approaches The principal focus of what are termed constructivist-reflectivist approaches is the assumption that our understanding of the world as well as the intellectual tools used for viewing that world ,are not objectively derived but instead are the result of socially constructed concepts. In a way, the proponents of this approach suggest that â€Å"the world is in the eye of the beholder† and then proceed to ask where those interpretations of the world come from and how the influence the behavior of individual and state actors. The synthesis between the environment and international relations is useful in assessing both the consequences of globalization and the causes of emerging and resurging diseases. Human populations have been and are continually evolving as they face the changing constraints provided by nature and neighbouring populations. The continued ecological security of any human population depends upon maintaining an evolutionary equilibrium in four relationships: (1) Between the size and demands of human population and the sustaining physical environment. 2) Between the size and growth pattern of neighbouring human populations. (3) Between the territorial demands of human populations and other large species. (4) Between human populations and various kinds of pathogenic micro-organisms. Throughout most of history, Homo sapiens lived in culturally diverse and relatively isolated hunting and gathering populations. These populations co-evolved with a host of local micro-organisms in shared ecosyste ms since the industrial revolution. However, innovations in transportation and weaponry have been forging a world in which human populations have been brought into a much closer contact. While the increased integration of this previously diverse population has had a myriad of both positive and negative consequences for human beings, it has also upset delicate equilibrium between homo sapiens and pathogenic microorganisms to which they have developed little or no immunity. Movement of the pathogenic microorganisms among human populations through exploration, trade, conquest has played a major role in shaping history. William Mcneill refers to this kind of pathogen mixing as the confluence of disease pools. Such mixing was a particularly important factor in nearly wiping out numerous indigenous populations during the age of imperialism when Europeans first made contact with these people. Europeans, bringing with them smallpox and numerous other diseases, easily conquered biologically naive new world populations almost without a shot being fired. Many other historical studies have stressed the impact of disease and related ecological factors in the course of international relations. Innovations in transportation are the most obvious factors in accelerating the movement of people and thus increasing the scope and rapidity of human contacts. Only four decades ago, transoceanic travel was relatively rare and most voyages were made on slow moving steamships. Today the increased use of rapid air transportation puts nearly all urbanized parts of the planet within one days journey for a majority of the people in the world. The increasing scale of food production, distribution and the resulting associated disease risks are another aspect of globalization. The appearance of Mad low disease among British cattle herds has had major impact on international trade in beef and on the British balance of payment. In 1996, a serious bout of food poisoning in Japan sickened more than 10,000 people and killed several others. In 1997, in the United States, imported berries from Central America were responsible for widespread intestinal disorders. Thus the dark side of technology is the creation of the potential for large scale epidemics that may require additional technological innovations to solve. The more rapid movements of large numbers of people whether by aircraft or subway, increases the speed with which diseases can move from one person to another. Population growth and movement into formerly pristine tropical rainforests continue to liberate microorganisms with which Homo sapiens have little experience. Urbanization and development of megacities create potentially explosive situations for the spread of diseases. Even the increased use of anti-biotic to fight diseases threatens to create resistant bacterial strains. In conclusion, from an environmental perspective on international relations, interactions with microorganisms is simultaneously a causal factor in influencing state success and behaviour and a continuing policy of concern of extreme importance. (Professor Dennis Pirages, University of Maryland,1997). GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS OF NATIONAL POWER With the advent of industrial-age communication-transportation technologies, increased attention was given to geography, focusing on population-resource distribution, the strategic location of states and the forward projection of national power. Because geopolitics has as its focal point national power and the control of territory, it followed that those political entities must be able to project their capabilities over greater distances would constitute the dominant industrial-age powers. According to numerous writers including for example Kenneth Boulding and subsequently Patrick O’Sullivan-there is an inverse relationship between power and distance from its core area. In O’Sullivan’s words, most of the conflicts (since the mid 1950s) have arisen in the crush zone between the great powers. The force fields of the hegemonies may be thought of as extending out of their cores, overwhelming smaller nations with their power, surrounding the spheres of influence of lesser powers and lapping against each other at the edges. To be sure the impact of technology has been of such importance as explained so far, the political significance of geography has been altered, although not eliminated. To the extent that weapons of mass destruction can be launched from any point on earth, from under the oceans, or from outer space, to strike a target with the periphery has lost most of its previous significance. However, the capabilities available to political entities are numerous, with some easily moveable than others. In an era before the airplane and the missile, when the military capabilities were most easily moved by sea, the political unit most able to master sea power became the dominant state. At an abstract level, the relationship between geography and power. Geopolitics refers to the ability at any time of one state or another to move power in order to influence or control desired territory deemed to be of strategic importance. Furthermore we will be considering the views of some scholars on the environmental theories which are discussed below: MAHAN’s view Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote during the period of the last great wave of European imperial expansion and the rise of the United States to the status of a world power. His ideas greatly influenced Theodore Roosevelt who first as Assistant Secretary of the navy and later as President, contributed decisively to the rise of the United States as a leading naval power. Mahan’s analysis of maritime history, particularly the growth of British global influence, led him to conclude that the control of the seas and especially strategically important narrow waterways, was crucial to great power status. Mahan based his theory on the observation that the rise of the British Empire and the development of Britain as a naval power had occurred simultaneously. The world’s principal sea routes had become the empire’s internal communication links. Except for the Panama Canal, Britain controlled all of the world’s major waterways and narrow seas or choke points. MACKINDER’s view Like Mahan, Sir Halford Mackinder saw an intimate relationship between geography and technology. If the technology of the earlier era had enhanced the mobility of sea power over land power, the technology of the early twentieth century gave to land power the dominant position. The railroad and subsequently the internal combustion engine and the construction of modern highway and road network, made possible rapid transportation within much of the land mass of Eurasia. Until then, the inner regions of Eurasia had been landlocked. Mackinder noted that Eurasia’s river systems drain into none of the major seas of the world. View of the SPROUTS Harold Sprout (1901-1980) and Margaret Sprout (1903) made a major contribution to the development of hypotheses for examining environing relationships. The Sprouts emphasized the importance of geography in examining political behavior, contending that most, if not all, human activity is affected by the uneven distribution of human and non human resources. The sprouts rejected undimensional, geographical theories in favour of an ecological perspective because it appeared to provide a more integrated holistic view of international environment which took account of it physical and non physical features. The environment (milieu) was viewed as a multidimensional system in which the perception held by political leaders of environmental conditions (the psycho milieu) as well as the conditions themselves were the objects of study and analysis. It will be incomplete to study the environmental approaches without taking note of the crisis which are accrued to it and these are explained below: (1)Global warming: This is acknowledged by most but not all scientists as the most serious environmental problem facing the planet, the minority who challenge the consensus do not question the evidence of global warming but question its causes arguing that warming is not primarily caused by human activity. However majority of scientists do believe that humans are largely responsible for global warming. The earth’s temperature is maintained by the green house effect, a layer of gases in the atmosphere traps a small percentage of the sun’s radiation but the burning of fossil fuels increases the greenhouse effect. (2)Resource depletion: some resources such as fish are with careful stewardship, naturally replenished; other resources are threatened by excessive demand and so overproduction (this raises the question of the tragedy of the commons. (3) Localized pollution: This may not cause a global crisis but poor air in places such as Mexico City can have a debilitating effect on inhabitants. 4)Decline in species: Although the effects of species loss or decline in biodiversity are unclear, many ecologists would argue that the loss of species is bad in itself regardless of its wider impact. The use of agricultural chemicals and the genetic modification of crops are identified by some environmentalist as the cause of decline in biodiversity. (5) Nuclear war: This will not of course be a direct environmental problem unless nuclear weapons are actually used(although nuclear weapons testing has had environmental consequences). In the 1980s,when consciousness of the threat of nuclear war was much higher than it is today, scientists speculated that the atmospheric pollution caused by dust, soot, smoke and ash would prevent the sun’s rays from penetrating for a period of time long enough to eradicate most plant life and create a new ice age. POLICY DEBATE This is a major point that should be duly considered in dealing with the environmental theory and this is : who is primarily responsible for the international environmental problems we now face, the developing countries or the developed countries? Developed countries are responsible due to the following reasons: (1)Developed countries have insatiable appetites for natural resources beyond what is needed for an adequate standard of living. (2)Emissions from industrial plants and automobile plants disproportionally represented in developed countries are responsible for depletion of the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect and resulting global warming and climate change. Agribusiness in the developed states, because of its use of fertilizers and chemicals is responsible for the pollution of natural waters and land-based wastes. 3)Chemical companies located in industrialized states produce highly toxic wastes for which there are no safe means of disposal. (4)Excessive demands in the developed world for energy and forestry-based resources put unsustainable pressure on the natural environment. Developing countries are also responsible due to the following reasons: